My 5 favorite Powell & Pressburger films

In honor of the recent release of Martin Scorcese's documentary Made in England: The Films of Powell and Pressburger, which I saw recently at the cinema, I present my five favorite (so far) films from this legendary filmmaking team, counting down from #5 to my #1.

First, for those not familiar with Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, they were a director/writer team who flourished as independent British filmmakers in the mid-20th century with a wide-ranging filmography and consistent innovation. They hired the best actors and crews working at the time, and thanks to the efforts of Scorcese's Film Foundation, many of their films have been restored to their original brilliance. Many are on DVD and streaming platforms, and some can be seen in your local independent cinema.

Michael Powell (left) and Emeric Pressburger in consultation (image
from Criterion.com)

#5: The Red Shoes (1948): Arguably the best-known of Powell & Pressburger collaborations, it has it all: music, dance, high drama, art vs. life, life imitating art, incredible technicolor, and gorgeous settings. A bonus is the film debut of the luminous dancer Moira Shearer. Watch the original trailer here: 

#4: A Matter of Life and Death (1946): I recently had the opportunity to see this on the big screen, and it was a blast. I had seen it earlier on the small screen, but the black and white scenes in the bureaucratic afterlife were so stunningly rendered, which only really "popped" in the cinema. I also found Roger Livesey to be a complete delight in his secondary but critical role as the doctor who defends our hero. And Marius Goring, who was the serious composer in love with Moira Shearer in The Red Shoes, here is fantastic as a petulant French 18th-century angel who failed to transport David Niven to the hereafter. Spoiler: It has a feel-good ending. 

Residents of the afterlife are summoned to witness a trial.

Watch the trailer for the recent 4K restoration below.

#3: I Know Where I'm Going! (1945): This might be the most overtly romantic film in my list, with a love story unfolding against all odds. It's full of quirky characters, witty humor, and a forbidding Scottish highland coast, but the brilliance of leads Wendy Hiller and Roger Livesey make this so much more than your typical romantic drama. Seeing a restoration of this one last November at the British Film Institute was a highlight of my trip to the UK. A trailer is below.

#2: The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943): Approaching this film, I asked, "Who is Colonel Blimp?" Turns out he was a famous cartoon character in England (created by cartoonist David Low) who represented a satirized "old-school" authoritarian British officer. The protagonist of the film is not named "Colonel Blimp" but was inspired by him. Yet as scripted by Pressburger and played by Roger Livesey, he is an imperfect but eminently likeable character who we accompany through 40+ years of his life and loves over the film's near 3-hour running time. Along the way we meet his one-time nemesis, and later friend, a German officer portrayed by Anton Walbrook, and three pivotal female characters all portrayed by Deborah Kerr. There could be so much said about this film, so I'll leave you with just two words: watch it.

Roger Livesey and Deborah Kerr in The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp

At the end of the movie I may or may not have exclaimed it was the best movie I'd ever seen, a true masterpiece. In that, Scorcese would agree with me. And then came...

#1: A Canterbury Tale (1944): My love for this film came as a complete surprise, as I hadn't even heard of it before I watched it for my "50 Years of Film in 50 Weeks" blog series. I delighted in the quirkiness, the wartime realism blended with overtones of medieval mysticism, yearnings that are partially satisfied but others left to the future...all with the trademark breathtaking shots and humanistic themes that run through most of the Powell & Pressburger oeuvre. Read my blog post here for a deeper dive into the film, its production, and my reflections. I cannot argue with writer Xan Brooks, who confessed in an article in The Guardian, "A Canterbury Tale may be the most loving and tender film about England ever made." 

Sheila Sim and Eric Portman in A Canterbury Tale

Which is your favorite of the Powell and Pressburger films? Please leave a comment.

Postscript: After I watched the Scorcese documentary, I realized that I have yet to see most of Powell & Pressburger's later work. Here are films that intrigue me and that I plan to see soon:

• The Tales of Hoffman (1951): The complete opera by Offenbach on cinema, with Moira Shearer appearing as the famous dancing doll, Olympia. Of course, the actual singing was dubbed in by opera singers.
• Gone to Earth (1950): Scorcese had good things to say about this one, a co-production with David Selznick, especially Jennifer Jones' (Mrs. Selznick's) performance, but the film was not a commercial success.
• Peeping Tom (1960): This horror film was Michael Powell without Pressburger, and it was so controversial and almost universally panned at the time that Powell's career was over. The film has since been reappraised and is seen as Powell's last masterpiece.

Before The Ten Commandments: Approaching Cecil B. DeMille's Samson and Delilah and The Greatest Show on Earth

This post is my contribution to the Classic Movie Blog Association's blogathon "Screen Debuts and Last Hurrahs." Go here for links to all the posts from the best classic film bloggers you'll ever meet!

He probably didn't know it, but in the late 1940s Cecil B. DeMille was beginning his last act as a Hollywood director, perhaps the most powerful one the relatively new industry had ever known. He had completed the founding of what was to become Paramount Studios; had shepherded the industry from films done in pantomime to those with recorded sound and speech; had moved to MGM and then back to Paramount; had ended a nine-year run as the host of the Lux Radio Theater, where so many stars reprised their movies for listening audiences; and was revered, and sometimes reviled, for his epic, imaginative, audience-pleasing movies. 

 (Left: A young DeMille in the silent era, with his directing "uniform" that he stuck to throughout his career. Right: DeMille in the 1940s)

In the mid-1950s DeMille pulled out all the stops on his last completed film, and perhaps his most famous, The Ten Commandments, which was a remake of a film he made in the silent era. He had his first serious heart attack just as the Israelites were escaping Egypt in grand fashion, and his health went precipitously downhill until his death in 1959, at the age of 77. 

Inspired by Scott Eyman's excellent biography, Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille, I decided to fill in some of my viewing gaps in his filmography, especially the two films immediately preceding The Ten Commandments. (Thank you, ABC-TV, for airing that one every spring!) In contrast, both Samson and Delilah (1949) and The Greatest Show on Earth (1952) had no such TV presence when I was growing up, despite their being "big" films, one even an Academy Award Best Picture winner. So I watched them. Read on for my take on these films and an attempt to put them in the context of DeMille's final years as a director. 

Behind the Scenes: The Making of Samson and Delilah (1949)

Samson came after ten years of films about Americana for DeMille. He had been particularly discouraged by the failure of his previous picture Unconquered, and he took a bit of solace in returning to the genre that yielded his favorite film, King of Kings, the epic tale of the gospels from 1927. Apparently, DeMille sold Paramount executives on the commercial potential of the Samson and Delilah story by showing them a painting of a strong man in a loincloth with a scantily clad beauty. The casting process for Samson and Delilah brought together a fascinating mix of talent. In addition to the exotic Hedy Lamarr (who beat out Jean Simmons) and Victor Mature (who was chosen over Burt Lancaster because DeMille liked him in Kiss of Death) in the leads, Henry Wilcoxen, a close friend of DeMille, was cast, as were Angela Lansbury, George Sanders, and DeMille's longtime mistress Julia Faye. It was also the first substantial part for the young Russ Tamblyn, 14 years old at the time of filming.

DeMille (with visor) on the set with Lamarr and Mature

During production, DeMille had the opportunity to reminisce about his early career, now decades behind him. Biographer Eyman highlights how DeMille attended the opening of a bank on the site (the corner of Selma and Vine) of the former silent-era studio he ran with Jesse Lasky. Also attending were silent luminaries Theda Bara, Ramon Navarro, Mack Sennett, and Francis X. Bushman, among others. DeMille said, "I was in doubt (in those days) that there would be a bank in Hollywood!" 

Young Russ Tamblyn (upper right) played the future king Saul as 
a youth in a substantial supporting role. DeMille bullied him
at times on the set, leaving him with some unpleasant memories.

Samson and Delilah dramatizes most of the complete biblical tale (from Judges) of ultra-strong Samson (from the tribe of Dan) who gets mixed up with the Philistine overlord heathens because he falls in love with two different Philistine women. Delilah ultimately is his undoing, but that liaison doesn't prevent him from destroying the Philistines with one last show of supernatural strength, thus cementing his place in Hebrew scriptures and popular legend. Of course, screenwriters Jesse Lasky, Jr. and Fredric M. Frank took some liberties with the story, some based on the novel on which the tale was expanded (Samson the Nazirite by Vladimir Jabotinsky) to flesh out the final script to DeMille's specifications. For example, the character of Semadar, Samson's first Philistine love, is shown to be Delilah's older sister, an assertion nowhere supported in scripture.   

Mature wrestles a stuffed lion. DeMille was perturbed with
Mature's lack of wanting to fight an actual lion(!), so 
a great deal of editing was done using a stunt double who
apparently had no such compunctions.

To this viewer, the dramatic acting and commanding presence of the cast compensated for the rather stilted script, resulting in an overall enjoyable movie. DeMille's opening narration, a trademark of his films, set the tone, while Victor Young's score added a rich, exotic tone to the narrative. The theme of freedom from bondage, once again foreshadowing The Ten Commandments, underscored the film's dramatic arc. The film's love triangles (Senadar--Samson--Delilah and Samson--Delilah--Saran) offer evidence of DeMille's penchant for ratcheting up the biblical sex angle on full display later in The Ten Commandments.

The impressive (although clearly artificial) sets brought to mind a fascinating piece of cinema history that I hadn't known before reading DeMille's bio: after the filming in 1923 of the first The Ten Commandments, the entire outdoor set was destroyed and buried in the dunes in central California and was only found and excavated starting in the 1980s. Read more here.

A few additional observations are provided in the screenshot captions below.

"No man leaves Delilah!" Hedy Lamarr and Mature make a beautiful
couple, each bringing appropriate exoticism and intensity.

George Sanders is strong here as Samson's nemesis, the Philistine emperor, the Saran.
Very few films don't benefit from his presence.

Samson topples the temple -- a DeMille-worthy
heart-stopping finale.

DeMille's attention to detail: look at Sanders in the lower middle
of this shot; he's the only one noticing something might
be amiss with blind Samson leaning against the temple pillars.

Angela Lansbury (as the Philistine Semadar) did not have enough screen
time, IMO. Here she is with Mature (left) and Wilcoxen.

Samson and Delilah was a great success, making back over three times its $3 million budget. It won Oscars for costumes (the great Edith Head), art direction (Hans Dreier), and was nominated for score (Victor Young), special effects, and cinematography.

The Greatest Show on Earth (1952): The Circus meets the movies

After Samson & Delilah, DeMille found himself in a protracted battle with the Directors Guild of America (DGA), wanting them to institute a "loyalty oath" during the peak of the blacklist era. DeMille, a conservative, was ultimately deposed from the Board of the DGA, after a series of contentious meetings that biographer Eyman describes in great detail. Yet, he hung on to his career despite a lukewarm response from critics to Samson and Delilah and much of his sound-era filmography. In the 1950s, DeMille benefited from a wave of critical reappraisal from France. In the Cahiers du Cinema, Jacque Doniol-Valcroze wrote in 1951: 

"The man has his faults...but it appears to me that his outstanding quality, spanning the whole length of an abundant career, is an almost total unity of style, a constant fidelity to one perspective, and a conception of history of the plastic arts and literature, a conception he did not originate on the screen but of which he was perhaps the most important and talented popularizer."  

It seems that the DeMille we appreciate in 2024, the DeMille of legend, was beginning to take shape.

DeMille's next film, The Greatest Show on Earth (in 1952, sandwiched between Samson and The Ten Commandments), allowed him to explore contemporary themes of entertainment and human drama within the vibrant, chaotic setting of the circus in contemporary America. 

Opening credits for The Greatest Show on Earth

DeMille was fascinated with the circus, and even during the production of Samson and Delilah he spent days visiting the Ringling Bros. operation, observing the behind-the-scenes workings of the circus, and knew he could make a picture to do it justice. Paramount went into negotiations with the Ringling Co. to establish a partnership for the film, in exchange for upfront payments and royalties over 20 years. And he created a star of Charlton Heston by casting him in the lead role of Brad Braden, the circus manager. Henry Wilcoxen, promoted to associate producer, suggested him, but DeMille's first reaction, after seeing Heston in Dark City, was that he was too dour. He changed his mind when Heston happened to drive by DeMille's office and waved in an apparently charming, light-hearted way. He got the job without a screen test.

The making of The Greatest Show on Earth was itself a spectacular endeavor. In addition to Heston, several other stars signed up for important roles: Betty Hutton; Cornel Wilde; James Stewart in one of his oddest roles as a clown hiding a dark secret; Gloria Grahame; and Dorothy Lamour, who must have been past her starring days as her role was quite small. Julia Faye and Henry Wilcoxen again appeared. The film also included cameos from Paramount stars like Bob Hope and Bing Crosby, adding a touch of Hollywood glamor. Most scenes were filmed on location traveling with the circus.

In a film not dealing overtly with religious matters, unless one believes that
running a circus is akin to leading a congregation, DeMille managed
a nod to religious sensibilities: in an early scene a priest, with a contingent of altar
boys, sprinkles holy water on the circus train as it sets off for its new 
performance season.

DeMille's opening narration immediately immerses the audience in the world he meticulously crafted. DeMille stepped in several more times for narration between acts of the film. Victor Young's score once again provided a lush musical backdrop, enhancing the film's emotional and dramatic impact. The film offered authentic behind-the-scenes views of circus production and gave the audience plenty of time to enjoy a variety of circus acts (trapeze! parades! clowns! songs!) and animals of all kinds: elephants, lions, hippos, chimps, giraffes...adding to its authentic feel. 

However, not everything in the film worked perfectly for me. Betty Hutton, while energetic, came off as a bit too perky and brash, and I found the love interest narrative between her character and those of Heston and Wilde (another triangle!) tiresome and confusing. She seemed to be in love with whoever was more vulnerable in any given moment and flitted back and forth with little provocation. And neither Heston nor Wilde seemed to do more than condescend to her. Additionally, Lawrence Tierney's appearance in an underdeveloped gangster plot felt like it was cut in from another film entirely. I captured further observations in the screenshots below.

DeMille's attention to detail extended to the crowd scenes, where people were
constantly eating ice cream or cotton candy, making me wonder if DeMille
was purposely in cahoots with cinema management to boost concession sales!

James Stewart as "Buttons the Clown" and Betty Hutton have a heart-to-heart 
talk in one of the film's quieter moments. I found Stewart to be very good, 
as his basic decency and darker sides were both used to good effect. I couldn't,
however, get past the incongruity of watching Stewart in a DeMille move.

Lawrence Tierney (right) is up to no good. I never
understood why this plot line was shoe-horned into
the movie, other than to catalyze a spectacular train wreck near the movie's end.

Charlton Heston (left) giving veterinary advice to chimp trainers(!) The first
few minutes of the movie featured Heston's character going around to various
trainers telling them what medicine to give to their animals. I couldn't 
help but wonder if his "helpfulness" got annoying after a while. I suppose
this was meant to showcase his intimate involvement with all parts of the 
circus he ran, and his care for the performers.

As expected, The Greatest Show on Earth was another success for DeMille and Paramount. This one finally won DeMille his Best Picture Oscar, if perhaps it was a "lifetime achievement" type of award. A legendary director of another generation, Steven Spielberg, said that seeing this film in a cinema as a child was the "greatest thing that ever happened to him;" he recreated this time in his life in his film The Fabelmans (see this link for Spielberg talking about that experience).

Cornel Wilde, as the womanizing French trapeze artist "The Great Sebastian,"
 makes his grand entrance in a convertible with traffic police in hot pursuit. Wilde's athletic
physique is convincing as a trapeze artist, but apparently Wilde was afraid of 
heights and DeMille was frustrated with him (not unlike Mature in Samson).

This Post's "Last Hurrah"

Watching and reading about these films, I'm convinced that Samson and Delilah and The Greatest Show on Earth are fitting examples of DeMille's mature cinematic style, which he had perfected at this time in his career (and would reach its apex in The Ten Commandments, the final film he directed). I enjoyed Samson and Delilah more, but will concede that both films are entertaining, no doubt even more on the big screen. DeMille was obviously a complicated and controversial figure, both during his lifetime and today, but due to his drive, artistic vision, and perseverance, his place as one of Hollywood's greatest filmmakers is secure.

Once again, this post is contributed to the CMBA's blogathon "Screen Debuts and Last Hurrahs". Go here for links to all the posts.

Fifty Years of Film in 50 .... Months?? The Final Films.

After a busy 2022 and a mean case of writer's block, I'm back to wrap up my Fifty Years of Film in 50 Weeks series, where I've chronicled my first-time viewings of a half-century of films in chronological order, starting with 1921. As the title of this post shows, I didn't complete on time, considering my first entry in the series was way back in February 2021! This post wraps up the series with my tiny takes on the remaining films. For sake of time and space, I have not included film credits other than the director and year of release. For complete credits, click on the links to IMDb provided with each title.

My next post will be a wrap-up and meditation on what I learned from this voyage through film history.

Here are the final six films in the series, from 1966-1971.

	How to Steal a Million (William Wyler, 1966). Why I chose it: After the intense drama that was Repulsion, I needed something a little frothy! Plus, I needed to see more of Audrey Hepburn, and with the glowing reviews and William Wyler's direction, how could it miss? My take: A blast. Perfect caper film with fun twists and turns. Both Hepburn and O'Toole were ideally cast, and Charles Boyer in an almost unrecognizable cameo made me smile.
	Cool Hand Luke (Stuart Rosenberg, 1967) Why I chose it: Because I've never seen Paul Newman in this, one of his career-defining films. My take: It's a mostly relentlessly harsh film, and it's hard to identify with Newman, but you have to admire his character's strength of will. I'm definitely glad I saw this one, but will likely not revisit it anytime soon.
	Monterey Pop (D.A. Pennebaker, 1968) Why I chose it: What is more representative of 1968 than this doc celebrating the best live rock music of the counterculture? My take: I'd seen clips from the film, but this viewing introduced me to live performances from artists I'd never seen on film (Otis Redding, Ravi Shankar). A great peak into a time that I missed by about 15 years. Also was moved seeing luminaries lost too soon (Redding, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix).
	The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (Ronald Neame, 1969) Why I chose it: I was interested to see both a young Maggie Smith and an older Celia Johnson, the young mother in Brief Encounter (1945), although I really had no idea of the plot. My take: It felt a little like Picnic at Hanging Rock meets To Sir, With Love. Maggie Smith did a wonderful job of navigating the line between being totally out of line in how she handled her students and worthy of pity. Compelling performances all around.
	The Ballad of Cable Hogue (Sam Peckinpah, 1970) Why I chose it: I absolutely needed to start filling in the viewing gap that is Sam Peckinpah's filmography. Of the 14 films from the legendary director of Westerns, I'd only seen Ride the High Country, his first. (Yes, I will get around to The Wild Bunch eventually!) My take: Don't miss this one. A mostly non-violent Western deftly combining humor, drama, and pathos. Peckinpah said this one was among his favorites, and I can see why. Jason Robards is the eccentric title character who we root for until the surprising end. Jerry Goldsmith's score is sublime.
	Johnny Got His Gun (Dalton Trumbo, 1971) Why I chose it: More Jason Robards! Actually, a film friend had recommended this anti-war film, and with Dalton Trumbo directing a screenplay he wrote with Luis Buñuel, and a part for Marsha Hunt, I was in. My take: Buñuel's influence is clear, with surrealism bountiful as we get inside the head of a paralyzed, blind, deaf, and mute WWI casualty. Timothy Bottoms plays the soldier in flashback. It's far from mainstream, and a bit remote, but ultimately moving. Marsha Hunt doesn't have enough screentime, but Donald Sutherland as Jesus is breathtaking.

Fifty Years of Film in 50 Weeks, #45: Repulsion, 1965

"The nightmare world of a virgin's dreams becomes the screen's shocking reality!"
-Tagline for Repulsion

Repulsion, 1965

Director: Roman Polanski
Writers: Roman Polanski and Gérard Brach 
Cinematographer: Gilbert Taylor
Music: Chico Hamilton
Producer: Gene Gutowski for Compton Films
Starring: Catherine Deneuve, Ian Hendry, John Fraser, Patrick Wymark, Yvonne Furneaux

Why I chose it
 When this film popped up on "Best Film" lists for 1965, it intrigued me because I haven't seen many films from star Deneuve, and it had been a while since I saw Polanski's film Knife in the Water (1962), his first feature.

'No-spoiler' plot overview 
A pretty young Belgian woman (Carol) lives with her sister in London and struggles with antisocial tendencies. She is especially wary of men, for reasons that aren't revealed. She holds down a job at a beauty parlor but rebuffs the advances of a young man, Colin, who is beyond interested in her. She also is jealous and wary of her sister's married lover, who occasionally stays the night at the apartment. When her sister Helen and her lover leave for a week's holiday, Carol is alone and retreats into fear and inaction, and begins to have scary hallucinations. Her descent into mental illness has tragic consequences.

John Fraser as Colin trying to get Carol's attention.

Production Background
Roman Polanski had just finished his first feature film in his native Poland, and now moved to Paris as his first marriage had broken up and he was looking for new challenges. There he met Gérard Brach, a struggling screenwriter. The two became friends and began working together on writing scenes. Soon after, he leveraged his connection with Polish producer Gene Gutowski, who was working in London, to meet the heads of the Compton Group, a maker of mostly soft-corn porn interested in branching into horror. The collaboration was built and the film was to be produced in London, allowing Polanski significant creative control. When Deneuve was set to star, she was fresh off the lead in the delightful but melancholy French musical The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964), and being far from the fearful Carol, Deneuve delighted in sparring with Polanski and asserting her own view of how to play scenes.

Because of Polanski's perfectionist tendencies, the film went over budget, yet the film earned critics' raves and went on to win the Silver Bear Award at the Berlin Film Festival, and Best Actress and Best Director from the New York Film Critics Circle. Polanski was on the road to international stardom. 

Polanski working with Deneuve on the set of Repulsion

Some other notable film-related events in 1965 (from Filmsite.org):

• The blonde teen star and the original Gidget character, Sandra Dee, was the last major star still under exclusive contract to a studio (Universal).
• Shelley Winters became the first actress to win two Oscars in the category of Best Supporting Actress, with her win for A Patch of Blue (1965) - presented in 1966. She was the only actress to be twice honored in the "supporting" category, a record that she held until 1994 when Dianne Wiest won her second "supporting" award.
• A small-time TV comedy writer Woody Allen wrote his first feature-length screenplay for director Richard Donner's unexpectedly successful sex farce What's New Pussycat? (1965), with Allen in his first major screen role. Because the writer/star disliked the film, he would proceed to his directorial debut for What's Up, Tiger Lily? (1966).
• The film version of the Broadway musical The Sound of Music (1965) premiered. At its release, it surpassed Gone With the Wind (1939) as the number one box office hit of all time. Nominated for ten Academy Awards, it came away with five major wins including Best Picture and Best Director (Robert Wise).

My Random Observations

Warning: disturbing images from the film are included below.

• My dominant emotional reaction the first time I watched this (yes, I watched it twice) was anxiety and frustration related to how no one in Carol's life recognized the obvious signs of severe emotional and mental illness that were interfering with Carol's basic functioning. A friend might say "oh, you look like you're not feeling well. Have a cup of tea and you'll be fine again soon" before turning to her own concerns. In the meantime, she refuses to eat, stares off into space, and cannot answer basic questions. Her sister, who lives with her, ignores her distress to tend to her lover, Carol's love interest overlooks her issues in his need to establish a romantic connection, and her boss just wants her to get to work on time. Perhaps the interpretation here is criticism of a society prizing self-centeredness over others needs. It's sad and shocking.

What is behind those eyes?

• What is it with dead rabbits and disturbed women? Everyone knows Fatal Attraction (1987), but maybe that film had a precursor here: a skinned rabbit is ready to be cooked for dinner, but when that dinner's canceled, Carol allows the rabbit to sit out in her flat over several days, and it decays along with her mental state. If this was a real rabbit (and it sure looked like it), I can imagine those poor actors dealing with a noxious smell!

A decaying rabbit corpse gets no relief (and neither do viewers).

• There is a family photo including Carol and her sister as children shown early and again late in the film, which seems to impart a meaning, as the child Carol is looking away from the camera with a serious look on her face, while everyone else is smiling toward the camera. Is this a hint that Carol's emotional issues were present from an early age, or that perhaps some nefarious actions were going on in the family that hurt Carol, or both? Regardless, again it implies that Carol needed help for many years and didn't get it.

The family photo in the film - the girl in the center, presumably
Carol as a child, looks somberly away from the camera.

• The film does a fantastic job of giving us horror - with brutal murder, blood splatters, and jump scares of strange men attacking Carol, which we know to be her hallucinations. Even though Polanski uses a subjective camera to illustrate Carol's fragile mental state, it's perfectly fine that we know what is real and what isn't. Kudos to Deneuve for her believable incarnation of this character.

Helen (Yvette Furneux) is seen in the kitchen from Carol's (foreground)
point of view.

• "Repulsion" may be just the emotion that many film fans feel when pondering the career of Polanski, as a result of his conviction on statutory rape charges in the 1970s and flight to Paris to avoid his sentence. Of course he continued his career, still turning out acclaimed films, and may be the most controversial filmmaker alive today.

A distorted reflection of Carol (Deneuve) in Repulsion

Where to Watch
Criterion has released the film on DVD. It can also be streamed for a small fee on many platforms, and for free with ads here.

Further Reading
A good place to start is with the Criterion essays on the film -- check this one out. Another fascinating take is this one that discusses Polanski's use of surrealistic images in Repulsion.

Fifty Years of Film in 50 Weeks, #44: The Night of the Iguana, 1964

 "He that hath no rule over his own spirit is like a city that is broken down, and without walls."
Proverbs 25:28(KJV)
-from a sermon by the Rev. T. Lawrence Shannon in The Night of the Iguana

The Night of the Iguana, 1964

Director: John Huston
Writers: Anthony Veiller and John Huston from the play by Tennessee Williams
Cinematographer: Gabriel Figueroa
Music: Benjamin Frankel
Producer: Ray Stark for Seven Arts Productions, distributed by MGM
Starring: Richard Burton, Ava Gardner, Deborah Kerr, Sue Lyon, Skip Ward, Grayson Hall

Why I chose it
Life inserted itself with a vengeance over the past several weeks and my series went on hiatus. I needed to come back with a blockbuster, and this one fit the bill - a star-studded production with one of the centuries' best directors at the helm, based on a work by one of the centuries' most-celebrated playwrights. 

'No-spoiler' plot overview 
The Episcopal priest Rev. T. Lawrence Shannon (Burton) has a problem - he's been booted out of his congregation after a sex scandal and struggles to hold down his job as a tour guide employed to take a group of teachers from a Baptist college to see sights in Mexico. A combination of the temptations of a young seductress, Charlotte (Sue Lyon), and precarious mental health prompt him to take refuge at a remote inn in Puerta Vallarta with his unhappy tourists in tow. He's greeted warmly by earthy widow Maxine, who runs the inn. Shortly after, a prim but penniless single woman, Hannah Jelkes (Deborah Kerr), and her grandfather arrive looking for shelter. Over a single night, Maxine, Shannon, and Jelkes confront their life choices and bounce ideas off of one another. All three are changed by morning.

Charlotte (Sue Lyon in foreground) captures the attention of the Rev. 
Shannon (Burton) as her concerned chaperone Mrs. Fellowes (Grayson Hall) looks on.

Production Background

The production of The Night of the Iguana has entered the orbit of legend. First, without John Huston's decision to film in Puerta Vallarta, the remote town would most likely not have become the popular resort it is today. In fact, Huston, who favored on-location shoots, chose that location because of its remoteness, as the particular village was only accessible by boat. (Williams' play was set in Acapulco.) Williams himself apparently relished the opportunity to be an on-site advisor. Once the stars began arriving, the locals and the international press took notice. 

Of particular interest was Elizabeth Taylor, who accompanied her new boyfriend Burton to Mexico. The two stars were the talk of the universe after wrapping Cleopatra (1963), where their love story ignited. Ava Gardner was reported cavorting with local young men, similar to her character, Maxine. And Deborah Kerr was all too aware that her husband, writer Peter Viertel, was previously involved with Gardner. Yet by all accounts peace was maintained and everyone enjoyed the experience.

The film won one Oscar, for costume design (Dorothy Jeakins), but had been nominated for Best Supporting Actress (Grayson Hall), Best Cinematography, and Best Art Direction.

John Huston (back to camera) presents his cast
gold plated Derringer pistols on the set of 
The Night of the Iguana

Some other notable film-related events in 1964 (from Filmsite.org):

• The mockumentary A Hard Day's Night (1964), the first Beatles film, premiered. The behind-the-scenes lives of the Fab Four were highlighted as Beatlemania erupted worldwide. The Beatles had made their first live TV appearance in the US on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on February 9, 1964.
• To obtain film rights to the intellectual property My Fair Lady (1964), to be directed by George Cukor and starring Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison, Warners paid a record sum of $5.5 million in February 1962. (See Annie (1982) when the record was broken.)
• Ronald Reagan's last feature film appearance before his retiring from the screen was in director Don Siegel's post-noir crime thriller The Killers (1964) in which he played 'heavy' or bad-guy crime boss Jack Browning - the first time he had ever played a villain. Two years later, he would be elected governor of California.
• The first feature-length made-for-TV movie, an action film titled See How They Run (1964) and starring John Forsythe and Senta Berger, was broadcast on NBC-TV for its world premiere. It was the first broadcast of Project 120, an innovative deal between Universal and NBC.

My Random Observations

• Wow, were most of the characters in this annoying or just plain odd! The film opened with a flashback to the moment that the Rev. Shannon lost his congregation, by having a breakdown on the pulpit and yelling angry nonsense. His agitated state persists for most of the movie. His nemesis, Mrs. Fellowes (the aunt of young sexpot Charlotte) is close behind him in the hysterics department. The eccentric Miss Jelkes and her grandfather are on the other side of the spectrum, poised, relaxed, and calm, despite their precarious circumstances. 

  

  Rev. Shannon loses it in the pulpit.

  

  Bus tour passengers wonder where their guide
  is taking them.

• As I was watching this, I was getting distinct Mogambo vibes. That 1953 film shared so many elements with this one: an exotic setting (on safari in Kenya); a love triangle between a middle-aged man (Clark Gable), an earthy hostess (a very similar role for Ava Gardner), a prim newcomer (Grace Kelly), and life and career choices that must be made. Instead of iguanas, there were tigers in Mogambo. That story was based on the 1928 play Red Dust (also made into a movie) by Wilson Collison.

Maxine and Rev. Shannon negotiate the price of hospitality for his
tour group and the terms of their relationship.

Ava Gardner, Grace Kelly, and Clark Gable in Mogambo

• There were so many visually interesting shots, thanks to director Huston and his cinematographer Figueroa. When I began to lose interest in the story or the characters because of the absurdity of the plot, I was pulled back in by the visually interesting shot compositions and beautiful lighting. Huston had argued to film in black and white and it is stunning, but even he thought later that color would have enhanced the emotional experience.

Maxine cavorts on the beach with her Mexican companions.

Miss Jelkes shares her life philosophy with Rev. Shannon.

• Having been included in the title, the unnamed iguana only got a couple of brief scenes. I wanted more.

The iguana is not quite ready for its closeup.

Where to Watch
It's readily available on DVD and can be streamed for a small fee on most services.

Further Reading
While I haven't read the book, I listened to a fascinating interview with the author that convinced me that the book would be well worth reading: Johns, Howard: A Stolen Paradise, (The Making of The Night of the Iguana). For a deeper analysis of how the film adapted Williams' play, read this article.